Tagged: 1. This topic contains 3 replies, has 2 voices, and was last updated by MAx 8 months ago. Photoscan 1. Agisoft PhotoScan Crack 1. The first contains the position of the photos and the seek out common factors in the images. Agisoft Metashape sometimes referred to as Photoscan, Agisoft Photoscan, Metashape was added by tonytozoo in Jan and the latest update was made in Jan The list of alternatives was updated Apr Full agisoft photoscan professional 1.

New users can try Agisoft Metashape software either in demo mode export and save functions are blocked or test it in full function mode with day trial license for free. Agisoft PhotoScan Pro 1. Agisoft PhotoScan allows you to automatically create high-quality 3D model objects based on digital photos. To reconstruct an object in PhotoScan it is enough to upload photos, no additional information is required.

It can use the plane images to automatically generate high-quality 3D model, which can be understood as a process of converting a series of 2D images to a 3D model.

The Kenan Makerspace also has a printed version of this manual for use as well as a computer with the professional version of Agisoft PhotoScan on it.

Agisoft PhotoScan Skilled is a program that may assist people to create 3D photographs from at the very least two photographs, so long as they include an object that may be reconstructed. Last Update: Eu estou muito satisfeito com os resultados deste software. E realmente o melhor para uso de mapeamento com uso de drones de pequeno porte.

Processing your photos in Agisoft Photoscan to create a 3D model, and using some additional features in Photoscan Pro to generate orthographic photos.

Editing the model in Photoscan to optimize it for upload to Sketchfab. Each marker should be placed on every photo it is visible on. The most reasonable way to achieve the goal is to use guided marker placement approach see PhotoScan User Manual and then complete the refinement procedure see PhotoScan User Manual.

May 31, Agisoft PhotoScan Pro 1. When Please sign-in to your account. Thank you! Viewing 4 posts – 1 through 4 of 4 total. July 29, at am September 17, at am MAx Participant. January 17, at am November 6, at am You must be logged in to reply to this topic.

 
 

 

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However, it is possible to export panoramic picture for the data captured from only one camera station. Refer to Exporting results section for guidance on panorama export. Alternatively, camera group structure can be used to manipulate the image data in a chunk easily, e. To move photos to a camera group 1. On the Workspace pane or Photos pane select the photos to be moved. Right-click on the selected photos and choose Move Cameras – New Camera Group command from the opened context menu.

A new group will be added to the active chunk structure and selected photos will be moved to that group. To mark group as camera station, right click on the camera group name and select Set Group Type command from the context menu. Inspecting loaded photos Loaded photos are displayed on the Workspace pane along with flags reflecting their status.

The following flags can appear next to the photo name: 9. In this case PhotoScan assumes that the corresponding photo was taken using 50mm lens 35mm film equivalent. If the actual focal length differs significantly from this value, manual calibration may be required. More details on manual camera calibration can be found in the Camera calibration section. NA Not aligned Notifies that external camera orientation parameters have not been estimated for the current photo yet. Images loaded to PhotoScan will not be aligned until you perform the next step – photos alignment.

Notifies that Camera Station type was assigned to the group. Multispectral imagery PhotoScan supports processing of multispectral images saved as multichannel single page TIFF files. The main processing stages for multispectral images are performed based on the master channel, which can be selected by the user. During orthophoto export, all spectral bands are processed together to form a multispectral orthophoto with the same bands as in source images. The overall procedure for multispectral imagery processing does not differ from the usual procedure for normal photos, except the additional master channel selection step performed after adding images to the project.

For the best results it is recommended to select the spectral band which is sharp and as much detailed as possible. To select master channel 1. Add multispectral images to the project using Add Photos Select Set Master Channel Display of images in PhotoScan window will be updated according to the master channel selection.

Note Set Master Channel You can either indicate only one channel to be used as the basis for photogrammetric processing or leave the parameter value as Default for all three channels to be used in processing.

When exporting in other formats, only master channel will be saved. Rigid camera rigs PhotoScan supports processing of multispectral datasets captured with multiple synchronized cameras operating in different spectral ranges. In this case multiple images planes are available for each position and PhotoScan will estimate separate calibration for each plane as well as their relative orientation within camera rig.

Multiplane layout is formed at the moment of adding photos to the chunk. It will reflect the data layout used to store image files. Therefore it is necessary to organize files on the disk appropriately in advance.

The following data layouts can be used with PhotoScan: All image planes from each position are contained in a separate multilayer image. The number of multilayer images is equal to the number of camera positions. Corresponding planes from all camera positions are contained in a separate subfolder. The number of subfolders is equal to the number of planes. In this case the arrangement of images into cameras and planes will be performed automatically based on available meta data.

Once the data is properly organized, it can be loaded into PhotoScan to form multiplane cameras. The exact procedure will depend on whether the multilayer layout variant a , multifolder layout variant b or if MicaSense data is used. To create a chunk from multilayer images 1. In the Add Photos dialog box browse to the folder containing multilayer images and select files to be processed. In the Add Photos dialog select the data layout “Create multispectral cameras from files as cameras”.

Created chunk with multispectral cameras will appear on the Workspace pane. To create a chunk from multifolder layout 1. Select Add Folder In the Add Folder dialog box browse to the parent folder containing subfolders with images.

Then click Select Folder button. In the Add Photos dialog select the data layout “Create multispectral cameras from folders as bands” 4.

To create a chunk from MicaSense data 1. In the Add Photos dialog box browse to the folder containing MicaSense images and select files to be processed. In the Add Photos dialog select “Create multispectral cameras from files as bands”. After chunk with multispectral cameras is created, it can be processed in the same way as normal chunks.

For these chunks additional parameters allowing to manipulate the data properly will be provided where appropriate. Aligning photos Once photos are loaded into PhotoScan, they need to be aligned. At this stage PhotoScan finds the camera position and orientation for each photo and builds a sparse point cloud model.

Select Align Photos In the Align Photos dialog box select the desired alignment options. Click OK button when done. The progress dialog box will appear displaying the current processing status. To cancel processing click Cancel button. Alignment having been completed, computed camera positions and a sparse point cloud will be displayed.

You can inspect alignment results and remove incorrectly positioned photos, if any. To see the matches between any two photos use View Matches Incorrectly positioned photos can be realigned.

To realign a subset of photos 1. Reset alignment for incorrectly positioned cameras using Reset Camera Alignment command from the photo context menu. Set markers at least 4 per photo on these photos and indicate their projections on at least two photos from the already aligned subset.

PhotoScan will consider these points to be true matches. For information on markers placement refer to the Setting coordinate system section. Select photos to be realigned and use Align Selected Cameras command from the photo context menu.

When the alignment step is completed, the point cloud and estimated camera positions can be exported for processing with another software if needed. Image quality Poor input, e. To help you to exclude poorly focused images from processing PhotoScan suggests automatic image quality estimation feature.

Images with quality value of less than 0. To disable a photo use Disable button from the Photos pane toolbar. PhotoScan estimates image quality for each input image. The value of the parameter is calculated based on the sharpness level of the most focused part of the picture. To estimate image quality 1. Switch to the detailed view in the Photos pane using on the Photos pane toolbar.

Details command from the Change menu 2. Select all photos to be analyzed on the Photos pane. Right button click on the selected photo s and choose Estimate Image Quality command from the context menu. Once the analysis procedure is over, a figure indicating estimated image quality value will be displayed in the Quality column on the Photos pane. Lower accuracy settings can be used to get the rough camera positions in a shorter period of time. While at High accuracy setting the software works with the photos of the original size, Medium setting causes image downscaling by factor of 4 2 times by each side , at Low accuracy source files are downscaled by factor of 16, and Lowest value means further downscaling by 4 times more.

Highest accuracy setting upscales the image by factor of 4. Since tie point positions are estimated on the basis of feature spots found on the source images, it may be meaningful to upscale a source photo to accurately localize a tie point. However, Highest accuracy setting is recommended only for very sharp image data and mostly for research purposes due to the corresponding processing being quite time consuming.

Pair preselection The alignment process of large photo sets can take a long time. A significant portion of this time period is spent on matching of detected features across the photos. Image pair preselection option may speed up this process due to selection of a subset of image pairs to be matched.

In the Generic preselection mode the overlapping pairs of photos are selected by matching photos using lower accuracy setting first. In the Reference preselection mode the overlapping pairs of photos are selected based on the measured camera locations if present.

For oblique imagery it is necessary to set Ground altitude value average ground height in the same coordinate system which is set for camera coordinates data in the Settings dialog of the Reference pane to make the preselection procedure work efficiently. Ground altitude information must be accompanied with yaw, pitch, roll data for cameras. Yaw, pitch, roll data should be input in the Reference pane. Additionally the following advanced parameters can be adjusted. Key point limit The number indicates upper limit of feature points on every image to be taken into account during current processing stage.

Using zero value allows PhotoScan to find as many key points as possible, but it may result in a big number of less reliable points. Tie point limit The number indicates upper limit of matching points for every image.

Using zero value doesn’t apply any tie point filtering. Constrain features by mask When this option is enabled, masked areas are excluded from feature detection procedure. For additional information on the usage of masks please refer to the Using masks section. Note Tie point limit parameter allows to optimize performance for the task and does not generally effect the quality of the further model.

Recommended value is Too high or too low tie point limit value may cause some parts of the dense point cloud model to be missed. The reason is that PhotoScan generates depth maps only for pairs of photos for which number of matching points is above certain limit. As a results sparse point cloud will be thinned, yet the alignment will be kept unchanged.

Point cloud generation based on imported camera data PhotoScan supports import of external and internal camera orientation parameters.

Thus, if precise camera data is available for the project, it is possible to load them into PhotoScan along with the photos, to be used as initial information for 3D reconstruction job.

To import external and internal camera parameters 1. Select Import Cameras command from the Tools menu. Select the format of the file to be imported. Browse to the file and click Open button. The data will be loaded into the software. Camera calibration data can be inspected in the Camera Calibration dialog, Adjusted tab, available from Tools menu. If the input file contains some reference data camera position data in some coordinate system , the data will be shown on the Reference pane, View Estimated tab.

Once the data is loaded, PhotoScan will offer to build point cloud. This step involves feature points detection and matching procedures. As a result, a sparse point cloud – 3D representation of the tie-points data, will be generated. Parameters controlling Build Point Cloud procedure are the same as the ones used at Align Photos step see above. Building dense point cloud PhotoScan allows to generate and visualize a dense point cloud model.

Based on the estimated camera positions the program calculates depth information for each camera to be combined into a single dense point cloud. PhotoScan tends to produce extra dense point clouds, which are of almost the same density, if not denser, as LIDAR point clouds.

A dense point cloud can be edited and classified within PhotoScan environment or exported to an external tool for further analysis. To build a dense point cloud 1. Check the reconstruction volume bounding box. To adjust the bounding box use the Resize Region and Rotate Region toolbar buttons. Rotate the bounding box and then drag corners of the box to the desired positions.

Select the Build Dense Cloud In the Build Dense Cloud dialog box select the desired reconstruction parameters. Reconstruction parameters Quality Specifies the desired reconstruction quality.

Higher quality settings can be used to obtain more detailed and accurate geometry, but they require longer time for processing. Interpretation of the quality parameters here is similar to that of accuracy settings given in Photo Alignment section.

The only difference is that in this case Ultra High quality setting means processing of original photos, while each following step implies preliminary image size downscaling by factor of 4 2 times by each side. Depth Filtering modes At the stage of dense point cloud generation reconstruction PhotoScan calculates depth maps for every image.

Due to some factors, like noisy or badly focused images, there can be some outliers among the points. To sort out the outliers PhotoScan has several built-in filtering algorithms that answer the challenges of different projects.

If there are important small details which are spatially distingueshed in the scene to be reconstructed, then it is recommended to set Mild depth filtering mode, for important features not to be sorted out as outliers. This value of the parameter may also be useful for aerial projects in case the area contains poorly textued roofs, for example. If the area to be reconstructed does not contain meaningful small details, then it is reasonable to chose Aggressive depth filtering mode to sort out most of the outliers.

This value of the parameter normally recommended for aerial data processing, however, mild filtering may be useful in some projects as well see poorly textured roofs comment in the mild parameter valur description above.

Moderate depth filtering mode brings results that are in between the Mild and Aggressive approaches. You can experiment with the setting in case you have doubts which mode to choose.

Additionally depth filtering can be Disabled. But this option is not recommended as the resulting dense cloud could be extremely noisy. Building mesh To build a mesh 1.

If the model has already been referenced, the bounding box will be properly positioned automatically. Otherwise, it is important to control its position manually. To adjust the bounding box manually, use the Resize Region and Rotate Region toolbar buttons.

Rotate the bounding box and then drag corners of the box to the desired positions – only part of the scene inside the bounding box will be reconstructed.

If the Height field reconstruction method is to be applied, it is important to control the position of the red side of the bounding box: it defines reconstruction plane.

In this case make sure that the bounding box is correctly oriented. Select the Build Mesh In the Build Mesh dialog box select the desired reconstruction parameters. Reconstruction parameters PhotoScan supports several reconstruction methods and settings, which help to produce optimal reconstructions for a given data set. Surface type Arbitrary surface type can be used for modeling of any kind of object.

It should be selected for closed objects, such as statues, buildings, etc. It doesn’t make any assumptions on the type of the object being modeled, which comes at a cost of higher memory consumption. Height field surface type is optimized for modeling of planar surfaces, such as terrains or basereliefs. It should be selected for aerial photography processing as it requires lower amount of memory and allows for larger data sets processing.

Source data Specifies the source for the mesh generation procedure. Sparse cloud can be used for fast 3D model generation based solely on the sparse point cloud.

Dense cloud setting will result in longer processing time but will generate high quality output based on the previously reconstructed dense point cloud. Polygon count Specifies the maximum number of polygons in the final mesh.

They present optimal number of polygons for a mesh of a corresponding level of detail. It is still possible for a user to indicate the target number of polygons in the final mesh according to their choice. It could be done through the Custom value of the Polygon count parameter. Please note that while too small number of polygons is likely to result in too rough mesh, too huge custom number over 10 million polygons is likely to cause model visualization problems in external software.

Interpolation If interpolation mode is Disabled it leads to accurate reconstruction results since only areas corresponding to dense point cloud points are reconstructed. Manual hole filling is usually required at the post processing step. With Enabled default interpolation mode PhotoScan will interpolate some surface areas within a circle of a certain radius around every dense cloud point. As a result some holes can be automatically covered.

Yet some holes can still be present on the model and are to be filled at the post processing step. In Extrapolated mode the program generates holeless model with extrapolated geometry. Large areas of extra geometry might be generated with this method, but they could be easily removed later using selection and cropping tools.

Point classes Specifies the classes of the dense point cloud to be used for mesh generation. Preliminary Classifying dense cloud points procedure should be performed for this option of mesh generation to be active. More information on mesh decimation and other 3D model geometry editing tools is given in the Editing model geometry section. Building model texture To generate 3D model texture 1.

Select Build Texture Select the desired texture generation parameters in the Build Texture dialog box. Texture mapping modes The texture mapping mode determines how the object texture will be packed in the texture atlas. Proper texture mapping mode selection helps to obtain optimal texture packing and, consequently, better visual quality of the final model. Generic The default mode is the Generic mapping mode; it allows to parametrize texture atlas for arbitrary geometry.

No assumptions regarding the type of the scene to be processed are made; program tries to create as uniform texture as possible. Adaptive orthophoto In the Adaptive orthophoto mapping mode the object surface is split into the flat part and vertical regions. The flat part of the surface is textured using the orthographic projection, while vertical regions are textured separately to maintain accurate texture representation in such regions.

When in the Adaptive orthophoto mapping mode, program tends to produce more compact texture representation for nearly planar scenes, while maintaining good texture quality for vertical surfaces, such as walls of the buildings.

Orthophoto In the Orthophoto mapping mode the whole object surface is textured in the orthographic projection. The Orthophoto mapping mode produces even more compact texture representation than the Adaptive orthophoto mode at the expense of texture quality in vertical regions.

Spherical Spherical mapping mode is appropriate only to a certain class of objects that have a ball-like form. It allows for continuous texture atlas being exported for this type of objects, so that it is much easier to edit it later. When generating texture in Spherical mapping mode it is crucial to set the Bounding box properly. The whole model should be within the Bounding box. The red side of the Bounding box should be under the model; it defines the axis of the spherical projection.

The marks on the front side determine the 0 meridian. Single photo The Single photo mapping mode allows to generate texture from a single photo. The photo to be used for texturing can be selected from ‘Texture from’ list. It can be used to rebuild texture atlas using different resolution or to generate the atlas for the model parametrized in the external software. Texture generation parameters The following parameters control various aspects of texture atlas generation: Texture from Single photo mapping mode only Specifies the photo to be used for texturing.

Available only in the Single photo mapping mode. Blending mode not used in Single photo mode Selects the way how pixel values from different photos will be combined in the final texture.

Mosaic – implies two-step approach: it does blending of low frequency component for overlapping images to avoid seamline problem weighted average, weight being dependent on a number of parameters including proximity of the pixel in question to the center of the image , while high frequency component, that is in charge of picture details, is taken from a single image – the one that presents good resolution for the area of interest while the camera view is almost along the normal to the reconstructed surface in that point.

Average – uses the weighted average value of all pixels from individual photos, the weight being dependent on the same parameters that are considered for high frequence component in mosaic mode. Max Intensity – the photo which has maximum intensity of the corresponding pixel is selected. Min Intensity – the photo which has minimum intensity of the corresponding pixel is selected. Disabled – the photo to take the color value for the pixel from is chosen like the one for the high frequency component in mosaic mode.

Exporting texture to several files allows to archive greater resolution of the final model texture, while export of high resolution texture to a single file can fail due to RAM limitations.

Enable color correction The feature is useful for processing of data sets with extreme brightness variation. However, please note that color correction process takes up quite a long time, so it is recommended to enable the setting only for the data sets that proved to present results of poor quality. Improving texture quality To improve resulting texture quality it may be reasonable to exclude poorly focused images from processing at this step.

PhotoScan suggests automatic image quality estimation feature. Images with quality PhotoScan estimates image quality as a relative sharpness of the photo with respect to other images in the data set. Building tiled model Hierarchical tiles format is a good solution for city scale modeling. It allows for responsive visualisation of large area 3D models in high resolution, a tiled model being opened with Agisoft Viewer – a complementary tool included in PhotoScan installer package.

Tiled model is build based on dense point cloud data. Hierarchical tiles are textured from the source imagery. Note Build Tiled Model procedure can be performed only for projects saved in. To build a tiled model 1. Check the reconstruction volume bounding box – tiled model will be generated for the area within bounding box only.

Select the Build Tiled Model In the Build Tiled model dialog box select the desired reconstruction parameters. Reconstruction parameters Pixel size m Suggested value shows automatically estimated pixel size due to input imagery effective resolution. It can be set by the user in meters. For smaller tiles faster visualisation should be expected. Building digital elevation model PhotoScan allows to generate and visualize a digital elevation model DEM.

A DEM represents a surface model as a regular grid of height values. DEM can be rasterized from a dense point cloud, a sparse point cloud or a mesh. Most accurate results are calculated based on dense point cloud data. PhotoScan enables to perform DEM-based point, distance, area, volume measurements as well as generate cross-sections for a part of the scene selected by the user. Additionally, contour lines can be calculated for the model and depicted either over DEM or Orthomosaic in Ortho view within PhotoScan environment.

More information on measurement functionality can be found in Performing measurements on DEM section. Note Build DEM procedure can be performed only for projects saved in.

DEM can be calculated for referenced models only. So make sure that you have set a coordinate system for your model before going to build DEM operation. For guidance on Setting coordinate system please go to Setting coordinate system DEM is calculated for the part of the model within the bounding box.

To build DEM Parameters 1. Select the Build DEM Select source data for DEM rasterization. Source data It is recommended to calculate DEM based on dense point cloud data. Preliminary elevation data results can be generated from a sparse point cloud, avoiding Build Dense Cloud step for time limitation reasons. With Enabled default interpolation mode PhotoScan will calculate DEM for all areas of the scene that are visible on at least one image.

Enabled default setting is recommended for DEM generation. Point classes The parameter allows to select a point class classes that will be used for DEM calculation.

To generate digital terrain model DTM , it is necessary to classify dense cloud points first in order to divide them in at least two classes: ground points and the rest. Please refer to Classifying dense cloud points section to read about dense point cloud classification options. Indicate coordinates of the bottom left and top right corners of the region to be exported in the left and right columns of the textboxes respectively.

Suggested values indicate coordinates of the bottom left and top right corners of the whole area to be rasterized, the area being defined with the bounding box. Resolution value shows effective ground resolution for the DEM estimated for the source data.

Size of the resulting DEM, calculated with respect to the ground resolution, is presented in Total size textbox. Building orthomosaic Orthomosaic export is normally used for generation of high resolution imagery based on the source photos and reconstructed model. The most common application is aerial photographic survey data processing, but it may be also useful when a detailed view of the object is required.

PhotoScan enables to perform orthomosaic seamline editing for better visual results see Orthomosaic seamlines editing section of the manual. For multispectral imagery processing workflow Ortho view tab presents Raster Calculator tool for NDVI and other vegetation indices calculation to analyze crop problems and generate prescriptions for variable rate farming equipment. More information on NDVI calculation functionality can be found in Performing measurements on mesh section.

Note Build Orthomosaic procedure can be performed only for projects saved in. To build Orthomosaic 1. Select the Build Orthomosaic In the Build Orthomosaic dialog box set Coordinate system for the Orthomosaic referencing.

Select type of surface data for orthorectified imagery to be projected onto. PhotoScan allows to project the orthomosaic onto a plane set by the user, providing that mesh is selected as a surface type.

To generate orthomosaic in a planar projection choose Planar Projection Type in Build Orthomosaic dialog. You can select projection plane and orientation of the orthomosaic.

PhotoScan provides an option to project the model to a plane determined by a set of markers if there are no 3 markers in a desired projection plane it can be specified with 2 vectors, i.

Planar projection type may be useful for orthomosaic generation in projects concerning facades or surfaces that are not described To generate an orthomosaic in planar projection, preliminary generation of mesh data is required. Parameters Surface Orthomosaic creation based on DEM data is especially efficient for aerial survey data processing scenarios allowing for time saving on mesh generation step.

Alternatively, mesh surface type allows to create orthomosaic for less common, yet quite demanded applications, like orthomosaic generation for facades of the buildings or other models that might be not referenced at all. Blending mode Mosaic default – implements approach with data division into several frequency domains which are blended independently.

The highest frequency component is blended along the seamline only, each further step away from the seamline resulting in a less number of domains being subject to blending. Average – uses the weighted average value of all pixels from individual photos.

Disabled – the color value for the pixel is taken from the photo with the camera view being almost along the normal to the reconstructed surface in that point. Enable color correction Color correction feature is useful for processing of data sets with extreme brightness variation.

However, please note that color correction process takes up quite a long time, so it is recommended to enable the setting only for the data sets that proved to present results of poor quality before. Pixel size Default value for pixel size in Export Orthomosaic dialog refers to ground sampling resolution, thus, it is useless to set a smaller value: the number of pixels would increase, but the effective resolution would not.

However, if it is meaningful for the purpose, pixel size value can be changed by the user. PhotoScan generates orthomosaic for the whole area, where surface data is available. Bounding box limitations are not applied. To build orthomosaic for a particular rectangular part of the project use Region section of the Build Orthomosaic dialog. Estimate button allows you to see the coordinates of the bottom left and top right corners of the whole area.

Estimate button enables to control total size of the resulting orthomosaic data for the currently selected reconstruction area all available data default or a certain region Region parameter and resolution Pixel size or Max.

The information is shown in the Total size pix textbox. Saving intermediate results Certain stages of 3D model reconstruction can take a long time. The full chain of operations could eventually last for hours when building a model from hundreds of photos.

It is not always possible to complete all the operations in one run. PhotoScan allows to save intermediate results in a project file.

Photo alignment data such as information on camera positions, sparse point cloud model and set of refined camera calibration parameters for each calibration group. Depth maps for cameras. Dense point cloud model with information on points classification. Reconstructed 3D polygonal model with any changes made by user. This includes mesh and texture if it was built. List of added markers as well as of scale-bars and information on their positions.

Structure of the project, i. Note that since PhotoScan tends to generate extra dense point clouds and highly detailed polygonal models, project saving procedure can take up quite a long time.

You can decrease compression level to speed up the saving process. However, please note that it will result in a larger project file. Compression level setting can be found on the Advanced tab of the Preferences dialog available from Tools menu. This format enables responsive loading of large data dense point clouds, meshes, etc.

You can save the project at the end of any processing stage and return to it later. To restart work simply load the corresponding file into PhotoScan. Project files can also serve as backup files or be used to save different versions of the same model.

Project files use relative paths to reference original photos. Thus, when moving or copying the project file to another location do not forget to move or copy photographs with all the folder structure involved as well. Otherwise, PhotoScan will fail to run any operation requiring source images, although the project file including the reconstructed model will be loaded up correctly.

Alternatively, you can enable Store absolute image paths option on the Advanced tab of the Preferences dialog available from Tools menu. Exporting results PhotoScan supports export of processing results in various representations: sparse and dense point clouds, camera calibration and camera orientation data, mesh, etc.

Orthomosaics and digital elevation models both DSM and DTM , as well as tiled models can be generated according to the user requirements. Point cloud and camera calibration data can be exported right after photo alignment is completed.

All other export options are available after the corresponding processing step. To align the model orientation with the default coordinate system use Rotate object button from the Toolbar. In some cases editing model geometry in the external software may be required. PhotoScan supports model export for editing in external software and then allows to import it back as it is described in the Editing model geometry section of the manual. Main export commands are available from the File menu and the rest from the Export submenu of the Tools menu.

Select Export Points Browse the destination folder, choose the file type, and print in the file name. Click Save button. Specify the coordinate system and indicate export parameters applicable to the selected file type, including the dense cloud classes to be saved. Click OK button to start export. Split in blocks option in the Export Points dialog can be useful for exporting large projects.

It is available for referenced models only. You can indicate the size of the section in xy plane in meters for the point cloud to be divided into respective rectangular blocks.

The total volume of the 3D scene is limited with the Bounding Box. The whole volume will be split in equal blocks starting from the point with minimum x and y values. Note that empty blocks will not be saved. In some cases it may be reasonable to edit point cloud before exporting it. To read about point cloud editing refer to the Editing point cloud section of the manual.

Select Export Matches In the Export Matches dialog box set export parameters. Precision value sets the limit to the number of decimal digits in the tie points coordinates to be saved. Later on, estimated camera data can be imported back to PhotoScan using Import Cameras command from the Tools menu to proceed with 3D model reconstruction procedure. Camera calibration and orientation data export To export camera calibration and camera orientation data select Export Cameras To indicate for the software that loaded images have been taken from one camera station, one should move those photos to a camera group and assign Camera Station type to it.

For information on camera groups refer to Loading photos section. To export panorama 1. Select Export – Export Panorama Select camera group which panorama should be previewed for. Choose panorama orientation in the file with the help of navigation buttons to the right of the preview window in the Export Panorama dialog. Set exporting parameters: select camera groups which panorama should be exported for and indicate export file name mask.

Click OK button 6. Browse the destination folder and click Save button. Additionally, you can set boundaries for the region of panorama to be exported using Setup boundaries section of the Export Panorama dialog. Text boxes in the first line X allow to indicate the angle in the horizontal plane and the second line Y serves for angle in the vertical plane limits. Image size option enables to control the size of the exporting file. Select Export Model In the Export Model dialog specify the coordinate system and indicate export parameters applicable to the selected file type.

If a model generated with PhotoScan is to be imported in a 3D editor program for inspection or further editing, it might be helpful to use Shift function while exporting the model. It allows to set the value to be subtracted from the respective coordinate value for every vertex in the mesh. Essentially, this means translation of the model coordinate system origin, which may be useful since some 3D editors, for example, truncate the coordinates values up to 8 or so digits, while in some projects they are decimals that make sense with respect to model positioning task.

So it can be recommended to subtract a value equal to the whole part of a certain coordinate value see Reference pane, Camera coordinates values before exporting the model, thus providing for a reasonable scale for the model to be processed in a 3D editor program.

The texture file should be kept in the same directory as the main file describing the geometry. If the texture atlas was not built only the model geometry is exported. PhotoScan supports direct uploading of the models to Sketchfab resource. To publish your model online use Upload Model Tiled model export To export tiled model 1. Select Export Tiled Model Thanks to hierarchical tiles format, it allows to responsively visualise large models.

Orthomosaic export To export Orthomosaic 1. Select Export Orthomosaic In the Export Orthomosaic dialog box specify coordinate system for the Orthomosaic to be saved in. Click Export button to start export. Note Write KML file option is available only if the model is georeferenced in WGS84 coordinate system due to the fact that Google Earth supports only this coordinate system. World file specifies coordinates of the four angle vertices of the exporting orthomosaic.

This information is already included in GeoTIFF file, however, you could duplicate it for some reason. If you need to export orthomosaic in JPEG or PNG file formats and would like to have georeferencing data this informations could be useful. If the export file of a fixed size is needed, it is possible to set the length of the longer side of the export file in Max.

The length should be indicated in pixels. Split in blocks option in the Export Orthomosaic dialog can be useful for exporting large projects. You can indicate the size of the blocks in pix for the orthomosaic to be divided into. The whole area will be split in equal blocks starting from the point with minimum x and y values.

To export a particular part of the project use Region section of the Export Orthomosaic dialog. Indicate coordinates of the bottom left and top right corners of the region to be exported in the left and right columns Alternatively, you can indicate the region to be exported using polygon drawing option in the Ortho view tab of the program window. For instructions on polygon drawing refer to Shapes section of the manual.

Once the polygon is drawn, right-click on the polygon and set it as a boundary of the region to be exported using Set Boundary Type option from the context menu.

Default value for pixel size in Export Orthomosaic dialog refers to ground sampling resolution, thus, it is useless to set a smaller value: the number of pixels would increase, but the effective resolution would not. If you have chosen to export orthomosaic with a certain pixel size not using Max. Additionally, the file may be saved without compression None value of the compression type parameter. Total size textbox in the Export Orthomosaic dialog helps to estimate the size of the resulting file.

However, it is recommended to make sure that the application you are planning to open the orthomosaic with supports BigTIFF format. Alternatively, you can split a large orthomosaic in blocks, with each block fitting the limits of a standard TIFF file. Google Map Tiles. World Wind Tiles. PhotoScan supports direct uploading of the orthomosaics to MapBox platform. To publish your orthomosaic online use Upload Orthomosaic Note MapBox upload requires secure token with uploads:write scope that should be obtained on the account page of the MapBox web-site.

Secure token shouldn’t be mixed up with the public token, as the latter doesn’t allow to upload orthomosaics from PhotoScan. Multispectral orthomosaic has all channels of the original imagery plus alpha channel, transparency being used for no-data areas of the orthomosaic. Follow steps from Orthomosaic export procedure above. Vegetation index data can be saved as two types of data: as a grid of floating point index values calculated per pixel of orthomosaic or as an orthomosaic in pseudocolors according to a pallet set by user.

None value allows to export orthomosaic generated for the data before any index calculation procedure was performed. To export DEM 1. Select Export DEM World file specifies coordinates of the four angle vertices of the exporting DEM. This information is already included in GeoTIFF elevation data as well as in other supported file formats for DEM export, however, you could duplicate it for some reason.

If export file of a fixed size is needed, it is possible to to set the length of the longer side of the export file in Max. Unlike orthophoto export, it is sensible to set smaller pixel size compared to the default value in DEM export dialog; the effective resolution will increase. If you have chosen to export DEM with a certain pixel No-data value is used for the points of the grid, where elevation value could not be calculated based on the source data. Default value is suggested according to the industry standard, however it can be changed by user.

See Orthomosaic export section for details. Similarly to orthomosaic export, polygons drawn over the DEM on the Ortho tab of the program window can be set as boundaries for DEM export. Depth map for any image Export Depth Orthophotos for individual images Export Orthophotos PhotoScan supports direct uploading of the models to Sketchfab resource and of the orthomosaics to MapBox platform.

Processing report generation PhotoScan supports automatic processing report generation in PDF format, which contains the basic parameters of the project, processing results and accuracy evaluations. To generate processing report 1. Select Generate Report Survey data including coverage area, flying altitude, GSR, general camera s info, as well as overlap statistics. Camera calibration results: figures and an illustration for every sensor involved in the project. Camera positioning error estimates.

Ground control points error estimates. Scale bars estimated distances and measurement errors. Digital elevation model sketch with resolution and point density info. Processing parameters used at every stage of the project. Note Processing report can be exported after alignment step.

Processing report export option is available for georeferenced projects only. Number of images – total number of images uploaded into the project. Camera stations – number of aligned images. Flying altitude – average height above ground level.

Tie points – total number of valid tie points equals to the number of points in the sparse cloud. Ground resolution – effective ground resolution averaged over all aligned images.

Projections – total number of projections of valid tie points. Coverage area – size of the area that has been surveyed. Reprojection error – root mean square reprojection error averaged over all tie points on all images. Reprojection error is the distance between the point on the image where a reconstructed 3D point can be projected and the original projection of that 3D point detected on the photo and used as a basis for the 3D point reconstruction procedure.

Camera Calibration For precalibrated cameras internal parameters input by the user are shown on the report page. If a camera was not precalibrated, internal camera parameters estimated by PhotoScan are presented. Camera Locations X error m – root mean square error for X coordinate for all the cameras. Y error m – root mean square error for Y coordinate for all the cameras. Z error m – root mean square error for Z coordinate for all the cameras.

Total error m – root mean square error for X, Y, Z coordinates for all the cameras. Distance m – scale bar length estimated by PhotoScan. Error m – difference between input and estimated values for scale bar length.

The value depends on the Quality parameter value used at Build point cloud step, providing that DEM has been generated from dense point cloud. Point Density – average number of dense cloud points per square meter.

Processing Parameters Processing report contains processing parameters information, which is also available form Chunk context menu. Along with the values of the parameters used at various processing stages, this page of the report presents information on processing time.

Processing time attributed to Dense point cloud processing step will exclude time spent on depth maps reconstruction, unless Keep depth maps option is checked on For projects calculated over network processing time will not be shown. PhotoScan matches images on different scales to improve robustness with blurred or difficult to match images. The accuracy of tie point projections depends on the scale at which they were located.

PhotoScan uses information about scale to weight tie point reprojection errors. In the Reference pane settings dialog tie point accuracy parameter now corresponds to normalized accuracy – i. Tie points detected on other scales will have accuracy proportional to their scales. This helps to obtain more accurate bundle adjustment results. On the processing parameters page of the report as well as in chunk information dialog two reprojection errors are provided: the reprojection error in the units of tie point scale this is the quantity that is minimized during bundle adjustment , and the reprojection error in pixels for convenience.

The mean key point size value is a mean tie point scale averaged across all projections. Referencing Camera calibration Calibration groups While carrying out photo alignment PhotoScan estimates both internal and external camera orientation parameters, including nonlinear radial distortions. For the estimation to be successful it is crucial to apply the estimation procedure separately to photos taken with different cameras.

All the actions described below could and should be applied or not applied to each calibration group individually. Calibration groups can be rearranged manually. To create a new calibration group 1. Select Camera Calibration In the Camera Calibration dialog box, select photos to be arranged in a new group.

In the right-click context menu choose Create Group command. A new group will be created and depicted on the left-hand part of the Camera Calibration dialog box. To move photos from one group to another 1. In the Camera Calibration dialog box choose the source group on the left-hand part of the dialog. Select photos to be moved and drag them to the target group on the left-hand part of the Camera Calibration dialog box. To place each photo into a separate group you can use Split Groups command available at the right button click on a calibration group name in the left-hand part of the Camera Calibration dialog Camera types PhotoScan supports four major types of camera: frame camera, fisheye camera, spherical camera and cylindrical camera.

Camera type can be set in Camera Calibration dialog box available from Tools menu. Frame camera. If the source data within a calibration group was shot with a frame camera, for successful estimation of camera orientation parameters the information on approximate focal length pix is required.

Obviously, to calculate focal length value in pixel it is enough to know focal length in mm along with the sensor pixel size in mm.

Normally this data is extracted automatically from the EXIF metadata. Frame camera with Fisheye lens. If extra wide lenses were used to get the source data, standard PhotoScan camera model will not allow to estimate camera parameters successfully. Fisheye camera type setting will initialize implementation of a different camera model to fit ultra-wide lens distortions.

Spherical camera equirectangular projection. In case the source data within a calibration group was shot with a spherical camera, camera type setting will be enough for the program to calculate No additional information is required except the image in equirectangular representation.

Spherical camera Cylindrical projection. In case the source data within a calibration group is a set of panoramic images stitched according to cylindrical model, camera type setting will be enough for the program to calculate camera orientation parameters. No additional information is required. In case source images lack EXIF data or the EXIF data is insufficient to calculate focal length in pixels, PhotoScan will assume that focal length equals to 50 mm 35 mm film equivalent.

However, if the initial guess values differ significantly from the actual focal length, it is likely to lead to failure of the alignment process. So, if photos do not contain EXIF metadata, it is preferable to specify focal length mm and sensor pixel size mm manually. It can be done in Camera Calibration dialog box available from Tools menu. Generally, this data is indicated in camera specification or can be received from some online source.

To indicate to the program that camera orientation parameters should be estimated based on the focal length and pixel size information, it is necessary to set the Type parameter on the Initial tab to Auto value.

Camera calibration parameters Once you have tried to run the estimation procedure and got poor results, you can improve them thanks to the additional data on calibration parameters. To specify camera calibration parameters 1.

Select calibration group, which needs reestimation of camera orientation parameters on the left side of the Camera Calibration dialog box. In the Camera Calibration dialog box, select Initial tab. Modify the calibration parameters displayed in the corresponding edit boxes. Set the Type to the Precalibrated value. Repeat to every calibration group where applicable. Click OK button to set the calibration.

Note Alternatively, initial calibration data can be imported from file using Load button on the Initial tab of the Camera Calibration dialog box. Initial calibration data will be adjusted during the Align Photos processing step. Once Align Photos processing step is finished adjusted calibration data will be displayed on the Adjusted tab of the Camera Calibration dialog box. If very precise calibration data is available, to protect it from recalculation one should check Fix calibration box.

In this case initial calibration data will not be changed during Align Photos process. Adjusted camera calibration data can be saved to file using Save button on the Adjusted tab of the Camera Calibration dialog box. Estimated camera distortions can be seen on the distortion plot available from context menu of a camera group in the Camera Calibration dialog. In addition, residuals graph the second tab of the same Distortion Plot dialog allows to evaluate how adequately the camera is described with the applied mathematical Note that residuals are averaged per cell of an image and then across all the images in a camera group.

A dense point cloud can be edited and classified within PhotoScan environment or exported to an external tool for further analysis.

To build a dense point cloud 1. Check the reconstruction volume bounding box. To adjust the bounding box use the Resize Region and Rotate Region toolbar buttons. Rotate the bounding box and then drag corners of the box to the desired positions.

Select the Build Dense Cloud In the Build Dense Cloud dialog box select the desired reconstruction parameters. Reconstruction parameters Quality Specifies the desired reconstruction quality. Higher quality settings can be used to obtain more detailed and accurate geometry, but require longer time for processing. The only difference is that in this case Ultra High quality setting means processing of original photos, while each following step implies preprocessing image size downscaling by factor of 4 2 times by each side.

Depth Filtering modes At the stage of dense point cloud generation reconstruction PhotoScan calculates depth maps for every image. Due to some factors, like poor texture of some elements of the scene, noisy or badly focused images, there can be some outliers among the points.

To sort out the outliers PhotoScan has several built-in filtering algorithms that answer the challenges of different projects. If the area to be reconstructed does not contain meaningful small details, then it is reasonable to chose Aggressive depth filtering mode to sort out most of the outliers. Moderate depth filtering mode brings results that are in between the Mild and Aggressive approaches.

You can experiment with the setting in case you have doubts which mode to choose. Additionally depth filtering can be Disabled. But this option is not recommended as the resulting dense cloud could be extremely noisy. Building mesh To build a mesh 1. If the Height field reconstruction method is to be applied, it is important to control the position of the red side of the bounding box: it defines reconstruction plane.

In this case make sure that the bounding box is correctly oriented. Select the Build Mesh In the Build Mesh dialog box select the desired reconstruction parameters. Reconstruction parameters PhotoScan supports several reconstruction methods and settings, which help to produce optimal reconstructions for a given data set.

Surface type Arbitrary surface type can be used for modeling of any kind of object. It should be selected for closed objects, such as statues, buildings, etc. It doesn’t make any assumptions on the type of the object modeled, which comes at a cost of higher memory consumption. Height field surface type is optimized for modeling of planar surfaces, such as terrains or bas-reliefs.

It should be selected for aerial photography processing as it requires lower amount of memory and allows for larger data sets processing. Source data Specifies the source for the mesh generation procedure. Sparse cloud can be used for fast 3D model generation based solely on the sparse point cloud.

Dense cloud setting will result in longer processing time but will generate high quality output based on the previously reconstructed dense point cloud. Polygon count Specifies the maximum number of polygons in the final mesh. Suggested values High, Medium, Low are calculated based on the number of points in the previously generated dense point cloud: the They present optimal number of polygons for a mesh of a corresponding level of detail. It is still possible for a user to indicate the target number of polygons in the final mesh according to his choice.

It could be done through the Custom value of the Polygon count parameter. Please note that while too small number of polygons is likely to result in too rough mesh, too huge custom number over 10 million polygons is likely to cause model visualization problems in external software.

Interpolation If interpolation mode is Disabled it leads to accurate reconstruction results since only areas corresponding to dense point cloud points are reconstructed. Manual hole filling is usually required at the post processing step. With Enabled default interpolation mode PhotoScan will interpolate some surface areas within a circle of a certain radius around every dense cloud point. As a result some holes can be automatically covered.

Yet some holes can still be present on the model and are to be filled at the post processing step. Enabled default setting is recommended for orthophoto generation. In Extrapolated mode the program generates holeless model with extrapolated geometry. Large areas of extra geometry might be generated with this method, but they could be easily removed later using selection and cropping tools.

Point classes Specifies the classes of the dense point cloud to be used for mesh generation. Preliminary dense cloud classification should be performed for this option of mesh generation to be active. Note PhotoScan tends to produce 3D models with excessive geometry resolution, so it is recommended to perform mesh decimation after geometry computation.

More information on mesh decimation and other 3D model geometry editing tools is given in the Editing model geometry section.

Building model texture To generate 3D model texture 1. Select Build Texture Select the desired texture generation parameters in the Build Texture dialog box. Texture mapping modes The texture mapping mode determines how the object texture will be packed in the texture atlas. Proper texture mapping mode selection helps to obtain optimal texture packing and, consequently, better visual quality of the final model.

No assumptions regarding the type of the scene to be processed are made; program tries to create as uniform texture as possible. Adaptive orthophoto In the Adaptive orthophoto mapping mode the object surface is split into the flat part and vertical regions. The flat part of the surface is textured using the orthographic projection, while vertical regions are textured separately to maintain accurate texture representation in such regions.

When in the Adaptive orthophoto mapping mode, program tends to produce more compact texture representation for nearly planar scenes, while maintaining good texture quality for vertical surfaces, such as walls of the buildings. Orthophoto In the Orthophoto mapping mode the whole object surface is textured in the orthographic projection. The Orthophoto mapping mode produces even more compact texture representation than the Adaptive orthophoto mode at the expense of texture quality in vertical regions.

Spherical Spherical mapping mode is appropriate only to a certain class of objects that have a ball-like form. It allows for continuous texture atlas being exported for this type of objects, so that it is much easier to edit it later. When generating texture in Spherical mapping mode it is crucial to set the Bounding box properly. The whole model should be within the Bounding box. The red side of the Bounding box should be under the model; it defines the axis of the spherical projection.

The marks on the front side determine the 0 meridian. Single photo The Single photo mapping mode allows to generate texture from a single photo. The photo to be used for texturing can be selected from ‘Texture from’ list. Keep uv The Keep uv mapping mode generates texture atlas using current texture parametrization. It can be used to rebuild texture atlas using different resolution or to generate the atlas for the model parametrized in the external software.

Texture generation parameters The following parameters control various aspects of texture atlas generation: Texture from Single photo mapping mode only Specifies the photo to be used for texturing. Available only in the Single photo mapping mode. Blending mode not used in Single photo mode Selects the way how pixel values from different photos will be combined in the final texture.

Mosaic – gives more quality for orthophoto and texture atlas than Average mode, since it does not mix image details of overlapping photos but uses most appropriate photo i. Mosaic texture blending mode is especially useful for orthophoto generation based on approximate geometric model. Average – uses the average value of all pixels from individual photos. Max Intensity – the photo which has maximum intensity of the corresponding pixel is selected. Min Intensity – the photo which has minimum intensity of the corresponding pixel is selected.

Exporting texture to several files allows to archive greater resolution of the final model texture, while export of high resolution texture to a single file can fail due to RAM limitations. Enable color correction The feature is useful for processing of data sets with extreme brightness variation. However, please note that color correction process takes up quite a long time, so it is recommended to enable the setting only for the data sets that proved to present results of poor quality.

To improve result texture quality it may be reasonable to exclude poorly focused images from processing at this step. PhotoScan suggests automatic image quality estimation feature. PhotoScan estimates image quality as a relative sharpness of the photo with respect to other images in the data set. Saving intermediate results Certain stages of 3D model reconstruction can take a long time.

The full chain of operations could easily last for hours when building a model from hundreds of photos. It is not always possible to finish all the operations in one run. PhotoScan allows to save intermediate results in a project file. PhotoScan project files may contain the following information: List of loaded photographs with reference paths to the image files. Photo alignment data such as information on camera positions, sparse point cloud model and set of refined camera calibration parameters for each calibration group.

Masks applied to the photos in project. Dense point cloud model with information on points classification. Reconstructed 3D polygonal model with any changes made by user. This includes mesh and texture if it was built. List of added markers as well as of scale-bars and information on their positions.

Structure of the project, i. You can save the project at the end of any processing stage and return to it later. To restart work simply load the corresponding file into PhotoScan. Project files can also serve as backup files or be used to save different versions of the same model. Note that since PhotoScan tends to generate extra dense point clouds and highly detailed polygonal models, project saving procedure can take up quite a long time.

You can decrease compression level to speed up the saving process. However, please note that it will result in a larger project file. Compression level setting can be found on the Advanced tab of the Preferences dialog available from Tools menu. Project files use relative paths to reference original photos.

Thus, when moving or copying the project file to another location do not forget to move or copy photographs with all the folder structure involved as well. Otherwise, PhotoScan will fail to run any operation requiring source images, although the project file including the reconstructed model will be loaded up correctly.

Alternatively, you can enable Store absolute image paths option on the Advanced tab of the Preferences dialog available from Tools menu. Exporting results PhotoScan supports export of processing results in various representations: sparse and dense point clouds, camera calibration and camera orientation data, mesh, etc.

Point clouds and camera calibration data can be exported right after photo alignment is completed. All other export options are available after the 3D model is built. To align the model orientation with the default coordinate system use object button from the Toolbar. Rotate In some cases editing model geometry in the external software may be required. PhotoScan supports model export for editing in external software and then allows to import it back, as it is described in the Editing model geometry section of the manual.

Main export commands are available from the File menu and the rest from the Export submenu of the Tools menu. Point cloud export To export sparse or dense point cloud 1. Select Export Points Browse the destination folder, choose the file type, and print in the file name. Click Save button. Specify the coordinate system and indicate export parameters applicable to the selected file type, including the dense cloud classes to be saved.

Click OK button to start export. Split in blocks option in the Export Points dialog can be useful for exporting large projects. It is available for referenced models only. You can indicate the size of the section in xy plane in meters for the point cloud to be divided into respective rectangular blocks.

The total volume of the 3D scene is limited with the Bounding Box. The whole volume will be split in equal blocks starting from the point with minimum x and y values. Note that empty blocks will not be saved. In some cases it may be reasonable to edit point cloud before exporting it.

To read about point cloud editing refer to the Editing point cloud section of the manual. Tie points data export To export matching points 1. Select Export Matches In the Export Matches dialog box set export parameters. Precision value sets the limit to the number of decimal digits in the tie points coordinates to be saved.

Later on estimated camera data can be imported back to PhotoScan using Import Cameras command from the Tools menu to proceed with 3D model reconstruction procedure. Camera calibration and orientation data export To export camera calibration and camera orientation data select Export Cameras Camera data export in Bundler file format would not save distortion coefficients k3, k4.

PhotoScan is capable of panorama stitching for images taken from the same camera position – camera station. To indicate for the software that loaded images have been taken from one camera station one For information on camera group refer to Loading photos section. To export panorama 1. Select Export – Export Panorama Select camera group which panorama should be previewed for.

Choose panorama orientation in the file with the help of navigation buttons to the right of the preview window in the Export Panorama dialog.

Set exporting parameters: select camera groups which panorama should be exported for and indicate export file name mask. Click OK button 6. Browse the destination folder and click Save button. Select Export Model In the Export Model dialog specify the coordinate system and indicate export parameters applicable to the selected file type. If a model generated with PhotoScan is to be imported in a 3D editor program for inspection or further editing, it might be helpful to use Shift function while exporting the model.

It allows to set the value to be subtracted from the respective coordinate value for every vertex in the mesh. Essentially, this means translation of the model coordinate system origin, which may be useful since some 3D editors, for example, truncate the coordinates values up to 8 or so digits, while in some projects they are decimals that make sense with respect to model positioning task.

So it can be recommended to subtract a value equal to the whole part of a certain coordinate value see Reference pane, Camera coordinates values before exporting the model, thus providing for a reasonable scale for the model to be processed in a 3D editor program. Phocus 2. Those consist out of two raster datasets,. Introduction This document details how to use the free software programme.

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